The reduced density matrices of a many-body quantum system form a convex set, whose three-dimensional projection $\Theta$ is convex in $\mathbb{R}^3$. The boundary $\partial\Theta$ of $\Theta$ may exhibit nontrivial geometry, in particular ruled surfaces. Two physical mechanisms are known for the origins of ruled surfaces: symmetry breaking and gapless. In this work, we study the emergence of ruled surfaces for systems with local Hamiltonians in infinite spatial dimension, where the reduced density matrices are known to be separable as a consequence of the quantum de Finetti's theorem. This allows us to identify the reduced density matrix geometry with joint product numerical range $\Pi$ of the Hamiltonian interaction terms. We focus on the case where the interaction terms have certain structures, such that a ruled surface emerges naturally when taking a convex hull of $\Pi$. We show that, a ruled surface on $\partial\Theta$ sitting in $\Pi$ has a gapless origin, otherwise it has a symmetry breaking origin. As an example, we demonstrate that a famous ruled surface, known as the oloid, is a possible shape of $\Theta$, with two boundary pieces of symmetry breaking origin separated by two gapless lines.
This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Research at Perimeter Institute was supported by the Government of Canada through Industry Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development & Innovation.
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Figure A1
(Color online) $\Pi(H_1,H_2,H_3)$ for Example 1.
Figure 1
(Color online) The two disks corresponding to $\Lambda(H_1^a, H_2^a, H_3^a)$ and $\Lambda(H_1^b, H_2^b, H_3^b)$.
Figure 2
(Color online) An oloid.
Figure A2
(Color online) $\Pi(H_1,H_2,H_3)$ for Example 2.
Figure A3
(Color online) $\Pi(H_1,H_2,H_3)$ for Example 3.
Figure 3
(Color online) $\Pi(H_1, H_2, H_3)$ for oloid.
Figure 4
(Color online) The developable surface of the oloid. The two red lines are in $\Pi(H_1, H_2, H_3)\cap\partial\Theta(H_1, H_2, H_3)$. Figure modified from
Figure 5
(Color online) A cone shape $\Pi_+(H_1,H_2,H_3)$.
Figure 6
(Color online) $\Pi_+(H_1,H_2,H_3)$ for the two mode Ising model.
Figure 7
(Color online) $\Pi_+(H_1,H_2,H_3)$ for the two mode XY model.
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