High-efficiency quaternary polymer solar cells enabled with binary fullerene additives to reduce nonfullerene acceptor optical band gap and improve carriers transport

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SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry
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SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry, Volume 61, Issue 12: 1609-1618(2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-018-9320-3

High-efficiency quaternary polymer solar cells enabled with binary fullerene additives to reduce nonfullerene acceptor optical band gap and improve carriers transport

Weiping Li1,4, Dong Yan1,4, Feng Liu2,*, Thomas Russell3, Chuanlang Zhan1,4,*, Jiannian Yao1,4,*
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  • ReceivedJun 21, 2018
  • AcceptedJun 26, 2018
  • PublishedAug 22, 2018
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Abstract

The polymer/small-molecule electron donor and nonfullerene organic electron acceptor are of structural similarity with both donor and acceptor molecules consisting of polycyclic fused-ring backbone and being decorated with alkyl-chains. In this study, we report that the introduction of binary fullerenes (C60-/C70-PCBM and C60-/C70-ICBA) into a nonfullerene binary system PBDB-T:ITIC reduces the polymer-nonfullerene acceptor intermixing, obtaining higher crystallinity with (100) crystal coherence length from 28 to 29–33?nm for the ITIC, and from 14 to 20–24?nm for the PBDB-T, and improved electron and hole mobilities both. Unprecedentedly, such a protocol reduces the ITIC optical band gap from 1.59 to 1.55?eV. As consequences, higher short-circuit current-density (17.8–18.4 vs. 15.8?mA/cm2), open-circuit voltage (0.92 vs. 0.90?V) and fill-factor (0.72–0.73 vs. 0.68) are simultaneously obtained, which ultimately afford higher efficient quaternary polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 12.0%–12.8% comparing to the host binary device with 9.9% efficiency. For the polymer, ITIC, and ICBA/PCBM ternary blends, 11% PCEs were recorded. The use of PCBM leads to larger red-shifting in thin film absorption and external quantum efficiency (EQE) response. Such effect is more pronounced when ICBA:PCBM mixture is used. These results indicate the size and shape of C60 and C70 as well as the substituent position of the second indene unit on C60-/C70-ICBA affect not only the blend morphology but also the electronic coupling in BHJ mixtures: the quaternary device performance increased in sequences of C70-PCBM:C70-ICBA?C70-PCBM:C60-ICBA?C60-PCBM:C70-ICBA?C60-PCBM:C60-ICBA. The resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) data indicated the most refined phase separation in the C60-PCBM:C60-ICBA based blend, corresponding to its best device function among the quaternary devices. These results indicate that the using of binary fullerenes as the acceptor additives allows for tuning nonfullerene blended film’s optical properties and film-morphologies, shedding light on the designing high-performance multi-acceptor polymer solar cells.


Funded by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91433202,21773262,21327805,21521062,91227112)

Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB12010200)

Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2013CB933503)

and the US Office of Naval Research(N00014-15-1-2244)


Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91433202, 21773262, 21327805, 21521062, 91227112), Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB12010200), Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2013CB933503), and the US Office of Naval Research (N00014-15-1-2244). Parts of this research were conducted at beamline 7.3.3 and 11.0.1.2, and Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which was sustained by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Sciences.


Interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.


Supplement

The supporting information is available online at http://Chemscichina.com and http://link.springer.com/journal/11426. The supporting materials are published as submitted, without typesetting or editing. The responsibility for scientific accuracy and content remains entirely with the authors.


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  • Click to view Download high-quality image

    Figure 1

    (a, b) Molecular structures of the donor and acceptor materials used for the fabrications of the Q-BHJs. (c) Absorption spectra of the pure donor and acceptor films. (d) Diagrams of the energy levels of the donor and acceptors (color online).

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    Figure 2

    (a) The J-V curves and (b) EQE spectra of the optimal quaternary solar cells and (c) their films’ UV-vis absorption spectra as well (color online).

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    Figure 4

    The RSoXS profiles of the quaternary (a, b) and ternary (c, d) solar cell blends (color online).

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    Figure 5

    TEM images of (a) the host binary, (b, c) the ternary, and (d–g) the four quaternary solar cell blends.

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    Figure 6

    Plots of the (a) Jsc, (b) Voc, and (c) normalized FF of the four quaternary devices with several different light intensities (color online).

  • Table 1   Table 1 The photovoltaic data with different electron-acceptor materials. The electron-donor material is PBDB-T for all PSCs. All data were obtained under illumination of AM 1.5G (100?mW/cm2) light source

    Active layera)

    Voc (V)b)

    Jsc (mA/cm2)b)

    Jsc (mA/cm2)c)

    FFb)

    PCEave (%)b)

    EgEQE (eV)d)

    Eloss (eV)e)

    Q-BHJ1

    0.915±0.006

    17.83±0.27

    17.15

    0.719±0.010

    11.73±0.27 (12.06)

    1.554

    0.639

    Q-BHJ2

    0.916±0.005

    17.85±0.25

    16.92

    0.720±0.011

    11.77±0.31 (12.12)

    1.558

    0.642

    Q-BHJ3

    0.922±0.006

    18.23±0.27

    17.36

    0.721±0.009

    12.12±0.30 (12.47)

    1.550

    0.628

    Q-BHJ4

    0.925±0.007

    18.39±0.26

    17.55

    0.730±0.009

    12.42±0.28 (12.76)

    1.548

    0.623

    T-BHJ1

    0.930±0.005

    16.67±0.25

    15.88

    0.695±0.011

    10.77±0.28 (11.09)

    1.580

    0.650

    T-BHJ2

    0.930±0.007

    16.59±0.26

    15.76

    0.695±0.018

    10.67±0.25 (10.97)

    1.580

    0.650

    T-BHJ3

    0.885±0.005

    17.55±0.27

    16.84

    0.702±0.011

    10.90±0.29 (11.23)

    1.562

    0.677

    T-BHJ4

    0.890±0.005

    17.67±0.26

    16.78

    0.703±0.011

    11.05±0.28 (11.37)

    1.562

    0.672

    PBDB-T:ITIC

    0.897±0.007

    15.81±0.23

    15.49

    0.681±0.010

    9.66±0.24 (9.94)

    1.590

    0.693

    Q-BHJ1: PBDB-T:ITIC:C70-PCBM:C70-ICBA; Q-BHJ2: PBDB-T:ITIC:C70-PCBM:C60-ICBA; Q-BHJ3: PBDB-T:ITIC:C60-PCBM:C70-ICBA; Q-BHJ4: PBDB-T:ITIC:C60-PCBM:C60-ICBA. T-BHJ1: PBDB-T:ITIC:C70-ICBA; T-BHJ2: PBDB-T:ITIC:C60-ICBA; T-BHJ3: PBDB-T:ITIC:C70-PCBM; T-BHJ4: PBDB-T:ITIC:C60-PCBM. b) Average values from 20 devices with the maximum PCE values shown in parentheses. c) Integrated from the EQE spectra from 360 to 900?nm. All are ~5% errors. d) Estimated from the onset at the long wavelength edge (λonsetEQE) of the EQE spectra with equation: EgEQE=1240/λonsetEQE (Figure 3 3(b)). e) Energy loss estimated from the BHJ film’s EgEQE to the device’s Voc (Eloss= EgEQE?eVoc).

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